New program hogweed-benchmark.

ChangeLog

 2013-02-20  Niels Möller  <nisse@lysator.liu.se>
 
+	* examples/Makefile.in (HOGWEED_TARGETS): Added
+	hogweed-benchmark$(EXEEXT).
+	(SOURCES): Added hogweed-benchmark.c.
+	(hogweed-benchmark$(EXEEXT)): New target.
+
+	* examples/hogweed-benchmark.c: New file.
+
 	* ecdsa-keygen.c (ecdsa_generate_keypair): New file and function.
 	* Makefile.in (hogweed_SOURCES): Added ecdsa-keygen.c.
 	* testsuite/ecdsa-keygen-test.c: New testcase.

examples/.gitignore

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 /base64enc
 /ecc-benchmark
 /eratosthenes
+/hogweed-benchmark
 /nettle-benchmark
 /next-prime
 /random-prime

examples/Makefile.in

@@ -15,14 +15,15 @@ BENCH_LIBS = @BENCH_LIBS@ -lm
 
 HOGWEED_TARGETS = rsa-keygen$(EXEEXT) rsa-sign$(EXEEXT) \
 	      rsa-verify$(EXEEXT) rsa-encrypt$(EXEEXT) rsa-decrypt$(EXEEXT) \
-	      next-prime$(EXEEXT) random-prime$(EXEEXT) ecc-benchmark$(EXEEXT)
+	      next-prime$(EXEEXT) random-prime$(EXEEXT) \
+	      hogweed-benchmark$(EXEEXT) ecc-benchmark$(EXEEXT)
 
 ENC_TARGETS = base16enc$(EXEEXT) base16dec$(EXEEXT) \
 	      base64enc$(EXEEXT) base64dec$(EXEEXT)
 TARGETS = nettle-benchmark$(EXEEXT) eratosthenes$(EXEEXT) \
 	  $(ENC_TARGETS) @IF_HOGWEED@ $(HOGWEED_TARGETS)
 
-SOURCES = nettle-benchmark.c ecc-benchmark.c \
+SOURCES = nettle-benchmark.c hogweed-benchmark.c ecc-benchmark.c \
 	eratosthenes.c next-prime.c random-prime.c \
 	nettle-openssl.c \
 	io.c read_rsa_key.c \
@@ -109,6 +110,11 @@ ecc-benchmark$(EXEEXT): ecc-benchmark.$(OBJEXT)
 	$(LINK) ecc-benchmark.$(OBJEXT) -lhogweed -lnettle $(BENCH_LIBS) $(LIBS) \
 	-o ecc-benchmark$(EXEEXT)
 
+hogweed-benchmark$(EXEEXT): hogweed-benchmark.$(OBJEXT)
+	$(LINK) hogweed-benchmark.$(OBJEXT) \
+	-lhogweed -lnettle $(BENCH_LIBS) $(LIBS) $(OPENSSL_LIBFLAGS) \
+	-o hogweed-benchmark$(EXEEXT)
+
 $(TARGETS) : io.$(OBJEXT) ../libnettle.a
 
 

examples/hogweed-benchmark.c

+/* hogweed-benchmark.c */
+
+/* nettle, low-level cryptographics library
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2013 Niels Möller
+ *
+ * The nettle library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+ * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your
+ * option) any later version.
+ *
+ * The nettle library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY
+ * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public
+ * License for more details.
+ *
+ * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+ * along with the nettle library; see the file COPYING.LIB.  If not, write to
+ * the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston,
+ * MA 02111-1301, USA.
+ */
+
+#if HAVE_CONFIG_H
+# include "config.h"
+#endif
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include <errno.h>
+
+#include <time.h>
+
+#include <nettle/dsa.h>
+#include <nettle/rsa.h>
+
+#include <nettle/nettle-meta.h>
+#include <nettle/sexp.h>
+#include <nettle/knuth-lfib.h>
+
+#include "../ecdsa.h"
+#include "../ecc-internal.h"
+#include "../gmp-glue.h"
+
+#if WITH_OPENSSL
+#include <openssl/ec.h>
+#include <openssl/ecdsa.h>
+#include <openssl/objects.h>
+#endif
+
+#define BENCH_INTERVAL 0.1
+
+static void NORETURN PRINTF_STYLE(1,2)
+die(const char *format, ...)
+{
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, format);
+  vfprintf(stderr, format, args);
+  va_end(args);
+
+  exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+static void *
+xalloc (size_t size)
+{
+  void *p = malloc (size);
+  if (!p)
+    {
+      fprintf (stderr, "Virtual memory exhausted\n");
+      abort ();
+    }
+  return p;
+}
+
+static uint8_t *
+hash_string (const struct nettle_hash *hash,
+	     unsigned length, const char *s)
+{
+  void *ctx = xalloc (hash->context_size);
+  uint8_t *digest = xalloc (hash->digest_size);
+  hash->init (ctx);
+  hash->update (ctx, length, s);
+  hash->digest (ctx, hash->digest_size, digest);
+  free (ctx);
+
+  return digest;
+}
+
+inline static void
+time_start(struct timespec *start)
+{
+  if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, start) < 0)
+    die("clock_gettime failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+}
+
+static inline double
+time_end(struct timespec *start)
+{
+  struct timespec end;
+  if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID, &end) < 0)
+    die("clock_gettime failed: %s\n", strerror(errno));
+
+  return end.tv_sec - start->tv_sec
+    + 1e-9 * (end.tv_nsec - start->tv_nsec);
+}
+
+struct alg {
+  const char *name;
+  unsigned size;
+  void *(*init) (unsigned size);
+  void (*sign)  (void *);
+  void (*verify)(void *);
+  void (*clear) (void *);
+};
+
+/* Returns second per function call */
+static double
+time_function(void (*f)(void *arg), void *arg)
+{
+  unsigned ncalls;
+  double elapsed;
+
+  /* Warm up */
+  f(arg);
+  for (ncalls = 10 ;;)
+    {
+      unsigned i;
+      struct timespec t;
+
+      time_start(&t);
+      for (i = 0; i < ncalls; i++)
+	f(arg);
+      elapsed = time_end(&t);
+      if (elapsed > BENCH_INTERVAL)
+	break;
+      else if (elapsed < BENCH_INTERVAL / 10)
+	ncalls *= 10;
+      else
+	ncalls *= 2;
+    }
+  return elapsed / ncalls;
+}
+
+static void 
+bench_alg (const struct alg *alg)
+{
+  double sign;
+  double verify;
+  void *ctx;
+
+  ctx = alg->init(alg->size);
+
+  sign = time_function (alg->sign, ctx);
+  verify = time_function (alg->verify, ctx);
+
+  alg->clear (ctx);
+
+  printf("%15s %4d %9.4f %9.4f\n",
+	 alg->name, alg->size, 1e-3/sign, 1e-3/verify);
+}
+
+struct rsa_ctx
+{
+  struct rsa_public_key pub;
+  struct rsa_private_key key;
+  uint8_t *digest;
+  mpz_t s;
+};
+
+static void *
+bench_rsa_init (unsigned size)
+{
+  char rsa1024[] = 
+    "{KDExOnByaXZhdGUta2V5KDE0OnJzYS1wa2NzMS1zaGExKDE6bjEyOToA90+K5EmjbFJBeJD"
+    " xP2KD2Df+0Twc9425uB+vhqTrVijtd2PnwEQDfR2VoducgkKcXJzYYyCNILQJbFAi2Km/sD"
+    " jImERBqDtaI217Ze+tOKEmImexYTAgFuqEptp2F3M4DqgRQ7s/3nJQ/bPE5Hfi1OZhJSShu"
+    " I80ATTU4fUgrPspKDE6ZTM6AQABKSgxOmQxMjk6APAhKckzvxxkWfHJOpXDACWnaSKcbbvo"
+    " vtWK3pGr/F2ya7CrLtE+uOx5F1sLs9G+/7flCy5k4uNILIYg4VTirZ1zQ8fNKPrjK1VMRls"
+    " JiRRU/0VAs9d7HdncJfs6rbvRQbCRSRYURo4hWir3Lq8V3UUQVBprc4dO+uWmplvwQ5qxKS"
+    " gxOnA2NToA+8aIVkdbk8Jg8dJOuzc7m/hZnwkKSs6eVDw4N/2T0CJKGJYT+B3Ct+fPkxhUR"
+    " ggd2DQ9OpkTra7SXHTNkzdPVSkoMTpxNjU6APt11P8vXNnGYF0OC/cPsR8zhSYuFmtRuX6G"
+    " ES+DdG0VCU07UeNQkok1UoW5sXqY0IGr1jkJq8AMSgKoNbLQ6w8pKDE6YTY0Ohzkxsan/8F"
+    " wQDHgQbrIduXKVXaj0fONzKu8EXOTfUAYf0pdBsOlnq/+QVsPIrS6v7oNHK253YFEG84SdX"
+    " kcktUpKDE6YjY1OgCR+cRtY3RWY+f6/TWK9gwPndv03xpasLWrMm71ky1aSbT9pasS9+opR"
+    " tAiGzthfSbFsBiLQgb3VOr+AeIybT+XKSgxOmM2NDojigqARWN5u1CVDVuD2L2ManpoGiM6"
+    " kQ6FaJjqRjxeRRKFrQxGJa9tM1hqStxokC1oJidgaOLGnn60iwzToug9KSkp}";
+    
+  char rsa2048[] =
+    "{KDExOnByaXZhdGUta2V5KDE0OnJzYS1wa2NzMS1zaGExKDE6bjI1NzoAtxWXiglIdunDK48"
+    " 8I0vW0wTqnh/riW9pLk8n1F8MUPBFdhvkkl0bDQqSJPUvSHy+w4fLVwcEzeI4qFyo3b2Avz"
+    " JK20MFbt/WfHD1TbxuK8rNqXyqmqjJ9vgjtV9nPzAz7CM9ogs3/RJHpcfZPQF15ifizleUZ"
+    " aQT0GAXHZL7cePj10yGI2u3hgTkokVzdNC/1T34guKYpErg0pt0B/KejWpsFTb84z3tkR+B"
+    " YVx07p/OoByZwoABgncS/uALl31fRS8jyJ2JqUiZOqe7XoO9hkDHYNCWUGUfNGQ7ZgVp9+e"
+    " NQpracSjrp6Jnrj7r/oxJUx5ZDVNi18AzQadE/oKOrSkoMTplMzoBAAEpKDE6ZDI1NjogBT"
+    " C5vaHk2kF+LtDvw2XRBj0aZq7FHK0ioklvBSicR0l+vKYfSxVeFIk22YLphJfAjtFraRjYA"
+    " Uaze3E1Rt1rkxoweupKV++lWAQvElOaaR/LErirz/Vysjdck1D1ZjLOi+NNofSq2DWbsvY1"
+    " iznZhQRP3lVf6XBls0iXrYs4gb0pBZqXLQW+j9Ihx6eantf1/6ZMKPgCkzcAZ0ABsCfaFSg"
+    " ouNCzilblsgFEspEbb8QqrNQoStS3F/gMwWgDsr3+vQzBqt+7ykWoCJ9wctbYy9kEPq+hX3"
+    " GP0hG6HdS81r9E8pgdf3wloNNMzYUHwn7poXGpOi8tG0pmR56TqD/BKSgxOnAxMjk6AN4AJ"
+    " TiGPm9We2ga3Y0jpTfA3mWpUbhYgaXYLWA1/riniwq16fqxRIkWQT/O2KKpBVe6WSvNYq9u"
+    " lM8N6bdPtDytJs6AOXy0X5vtJ953ZYVMhHbhmUxhIL9I+s0O1+LxMF8b9U4CrFyaTxd8Un/"
+    " FXP1BvYJRrkoup6HYvOlGx36lKSgxOnExMjk6ANMfrfH6z/3o7K56aW6kSiloDDbKZQ0+W5"
+    " 8LzP2ZOBLf6LX6jLhN3olU1Z0KGTM0S/1AxvwGjuRqhu+LcOJ7oUCUH3uusR5c5nSnArYPq"
+    " +0wbco4BQngot/HmGN7U0EDsIWqPt/qoa/b8bCk+TOwJlknNq/PnZU26SPj48XS05lpKSgx"
+    " OmExMjk6AJM2n3gLNW3ZeH5BindkktQU9qWNkV5geqDCaNyrEZ3bpI1WsrEGSj9p3Zz1ipz"
+    " a3msdbLJqQS26c72WKUzg8tFltR0s1HJInjolGtIgdNbfNdwrn9+RbQjL2VyPokOg0wXO4W"
+    " 14wlmqDhax33dRJmfe50964MvaglkGA8fhorrtKSgxOmIxMjk6AKMe+vrX2xRHf3dfxU5jS"
+    " ZmsdqNuxZzx7UB5kazvUU/kCJ1yNH/CSoq5LULkpovVgFDwV84qEwWQ+SjkCBg1hWWsDJc3"
+    " ZkobZUQENigM+72LiYiQt/PlyHI2eRuEEdNN0nm0DFhdpQeHXLoq/RBerYJ8tdgpBYxgnMn"
+    " KLhaOykbhKSgxOmMxMjg6MVlKj2bjb7qFQVkLO1OPg28jSrtRpnQCR+qegN4ZmNam/qbest"
+    " 8yn0JQ6gxX7PvP382+jx7uHHWHYYqPq/Flf8gqtOOcjqS5TJgVHz3F3xHWquo1ZofGtCMro"
+    " Dd2c0xjRjIVGvLV6Ngs+HRdljRav40vRpTyEoEdlzHBQiILesopKSk=}";
+
+  struct rsa_ctx *ctx;
+  struct sexp_iterator i;
+
+  int res;
+
+  ctx = xalloc(sizeof(*ctx));
+
+  rsa_public_key_init (&ctx->pub);
+  rsa_private_key_init (&ctx->key);
+  mpz_init (ctx->s);
+
+  /* NOTE: Base64-decodes the strings in-place */
+  if (size == 1024)
+    res = sexp_transport_iterator_first (&i, sizeof(rsa1024) - 1, rsa1024);
+  else if (size == 2048)
+    res = sexp_transport_iterator_first (&i, sizeof(rsa2048) - 1, rsa2048);
+  else
+    die ("Internal error.\n");
+
+  if (! (res
+	 && sexp_iterator_check_type (&i, "private-key")
+	 && sexp_iterator_check_type (&i, "rsa-pkcs1-sha1")
+	 && rsa_keypair_from_sexp_alist (&ctx->pub, &ctx->key, 0, &i)))
+    die ("Internal error.\n");
+
+  ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha256, 3, "foo");
+
+  rsa_sha256_sign_digest (&ctx->key, ctx->digest, ctx->s);
+  
+  return ctx;
+}
+
+static void
+bench_rsa_sign (void *p)
+{
+  struct rsa_ctx *ctx = (struct rsa_ctx *) p;
+
+  mpz_t s;
+  mpz_init (s);
+  rsa_sha256_sign_digest (&ctx->key, ctx->digest, s);
+  mpz_clear (s);
+}
+
+static void
+bench_rsa_verify (void *p)
+{
+  struct rsa_ctx *ctx = (struct rsa_ctx *) p;
+  int res = rsa_sha256_verify_digest (&ctx->pub, ctx->digest, ctx->s);
+  if (!res)
+    die ("Internal error, rsa_sha256_verify_digest failed.\n");
+}
+
+static void
+bench_rsa_clear (void *p)
+{
+  struct rsa_ctx *ctx = (struct rsa_ctx *) p;
+
+  rsa_public_key_clear (&ctx->pub);
+  rsa_private_key_clear (&ctx->key);
+  mpz_clear (ctx->s);
+  
+  free (ctx->digest);
+  free (ctx);
+}
+
+struct dsa_ctx
+{  
+  struct dsa_public_key pub;
+  struct dsa_private_key key;
+  struct knuth_lfib_ctx lfib;
+  struct dsa_signature s;
+  uint8_t *digest;
+};
+
+static void *
+bench_dsa_init (unsigned size)
+{
+  struct dsa_ctx *ctx;
+  struct sexp_iterator i;  
+
+  char dsa1024[] =
+    "{KDExOnByaXZhdGUta2V5KDM6ZHNhKDE6cDEyOToA2q4hOXEClLMXXMOl9xaPcGC/GeGmCMv"
+    " VCaaW0uWc50DvvmJDPQPdCehyfZr/1dv2UDbx06TC7ls/IFd+BsDzGBRxqIQ44J20cn+0gt"
+    " NMIXAocE1QhCCFaT5gXrk8zMlqBEGaP3RdpgxNanEXkTj2Wma8r1GtrLX3HPafio62jicpK"
+    " DE6cTIxOgDN9pcW3exdVAesC9WsxwCGoJK24ykoMTpnMTI5OgCJr9DmKdiE0WJZB7HACESv"
+    " Tpg1qZgc8E15byQ+OsHUyOTRrJRTcrgKZJW7dFRJ9cXmyi7XYCd3bJtu/2HRHLY1vd4qMvU"
+    " 7Y8x08ooCoABGV7nGqcmdQfEho1OY6TZh2NikmPKZLeur3PZFpcZ8Dl+KVWtwC55plNC7Om"
+    " iAQy8MaCkoMTp5MTI5OgDakk0LOUQwzOKt9FHOBmBKrWsvTm7549eScTUqH4OMm3btjUsXz"
+    " MmlqEe+imwQCOW/AE3Xw9pXZeETWK0jlLe8k5vnKcNskerFwZ1eQKtOPPQty8IqQ9PEfF6B"
+    " 0oVQiJg2maHUDWFnDkIBd7ZR1z8FnZMUxH9mH4kEUo6YQgtCdykoMTp4MjA6cOl3ijiiMjI"
+    " pesFD8jxESWb2mn8pKSk=}";
+
+  ctx = xalloc(sizeof(*ctx));
+
+  dsa_public_key_init (&ctx->pub);
+  dsa_private_key_init (&ctx->key);
+  dsa_signature_init (&ctx->s);
+  knuth_lfib_init (&ctx->lfib, 1);
+
+  if (size != 1024)
+    die ("Internal error.\n");
+  
+  if (! (sexp_transport_iterator_first (&i, sizeof(dsa1024) - 1, dsa1024)
+	 && sexp_iterator_check_type (&i, "private-key")
+	 && sexp_iterator_check_type (&i, "dsa")
+	 && dsa_keypair_from_sexp_alist (&ctx->pub, &ctx->key, 0, DSA_SHA1_Q_BITS, &i)) )
+    die ("Internal error.\n");
+
+  ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha1, 3, "foo");
+
+  dsa_sha1_sign_digest (&ctx->pub, &ctx->key,
+			&ctx->lfib, (nettle_random_func *)knuth_lfib_random,
+			ctx->digest, &ctx->s);
+
+  return ctx;
+}
+
+static void
+bench_dsa_sign (void *p)
+{
+  struct dsa_ctx *ctx = (struct dsa_ctx *) p;
+  struct dsa_signature s;
+
+  dsa_signature_init (&s);
+  dsa_sha1_sign_digest (&ctx->pub, &ctx->key,
+			&ctx->lfib, (nettle_random_func *)knuth_lfib_random,
+			ctx->digest, &s);
+  dsa_signature_clear (&s);
+}
+
+static void
+bench_dsa_verify (void *p)
+{
+  struct dsa_ctx *ctx = (struct dsa_ctx *) p;
+  int res = dsa_sha1_verify_digest (&ctx->pub, ctx->digest, &ctx->s);
+  if (!res)
+    die ("Internal error, dsa_sha1_verify_digest failed.\n");
+}
+
+static void
+bench_dsa_clear (void *p)
+{
+  struct dsa_ctx *ctx = (struct dsa_ctx *) p;
+  dsa_public_key_clear (&ctx->pub);
+  dsa_private_key_clear (&ctx->key);
+  dsa_signature_clear (&ctx->s);
+  free (ctx->digest);
+  free (ctx);
+}
+
+struct ecdsa_ctx
+{
+  struct ecc_point pub;
+  struct ecc_scalar key;
+  struct knuth_lfib_ctx rctx;
+  unsigned digest_size;
+  uint8_t *digest;
+  struct dsa_signature s;
+};
+  
+static void *
+bench_ecdsa_init (unsigned size)
+{
+  struct ecdsa_ctx *ctx;
+  const struct ecc_curve *ecc;
+
+  const char *xs;
+  const char *ys;
+  const char *zs;
+  mpz_t x, y, z;
+  
+  ctx = xalloc (sizeof(*ctx));
+
+  dsa_signature_init (&ctx->s);  
+  knuth_lfib_init (&ctx->rctx, 17);
+
+  switch (size)
+    {
+    case 192:
+      ecc = &nettle_secp_192r1;
+      xs = "8e8e07360350fb6b7ad8370cfd32fa8c6bba785e6e200599";
+      ys = "7f82ddb58a43d59ff8dc66053002b918b99bd01bd68d6736";
+      zs = "f2e620e086d658b4b507996988480917640e4dc107808bdd";
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha1, 3, "abc");
+      ctx->digest_size = 20;
+      break;
+    case 224:
+      ecc = &nettle_secp_224r1;
+      xs = "993bf363f4f2bc0f255f22563980449164e9c894d9efd088d7b77334";
+      ys = "b75fff9849997d02d135140e4d0030944589586e22df1fc4b629082a";
+      zs = "cdfd01838247f5de3cc70b688418046f10a2bfaca6de9ec836d48c27";
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha224, 3, "abc");
+      ctx->digest_size = 28;
+      break;
+
+      /* From RFC 4754 */
+    case 256:
+      ecc = &nettle_secp_256r1;
+      xs = "2442A5CC 0ECD015F A3CA31DC 8E2BBC70 BF42D60C BCA20085 E0822CB0 4235E970";
+      ys = "6FC98BD7 E50211A4 A27102FA 3549DF79 EBCB4BF2 46B80945 CDDFE7D5 09BBFD7D";
+      zs = "DC51D386 6A15BACD E33D96F9 92FCA99D A7E6EF09 34E70975 59C27F16 14C88A7F";
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha256, 3, "abc");
+      ctx->digest_size = 32;
+      break;
+    case 384:
+      ecc = &nettle_secp_384r1;
+      xs = "96281BF8 DD5E0525 CA049C04 8D345D30 82968D10 FEDF5C5A CA0C64E6 465A97EA"
+	"5CE10C9D FEC21797 41571072 1F437922";
+      ys = "447688BA 94708EB6 E2E4D59F 6AB6D7ED FF9301D2 49FE49C3 3096655F 5D502FAD"
+	"3D383B91 C5E7EDAA 2B714CC9 9D5743CA";
+      zs = "0BEB6466 34BA8773 5D77AE48 09A0EBEA 865535DE 4C1E1DCB 692E8470 8E81A5AF"
+	"62E528C3 8B2A81B3 5309668D 73524D9F";
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha384, 3, "abc");
+      ctx->digest_size = 48;
+      break;
+    case 521:
+      ecc = &nettle_secp_521r1;
+      xs = "0151518F 1AF0F563 517EDD54 85190DF9 5A4BF57B 5CBA4CF2 A9A3F647 4725A35F"
+	"7AFE0A6D DEB8BEDB CD6A197E 592D4018 8901CECD 650699C9 B5E456AE A5ADD190"
+	"52A8";
+      ys = "006F3B14 2EA1BFFF 7E2837AD 44C9E4FF 6D2D34C7 3184BBAD 90026DD5 E6E85317"
+	"D9DF45CA D7803C6C 20035B2F 3FF63AFF 4E1BA64D 1C077577 DA3F4286 C58F0AEA"
+	"E643";
+      zs = "0065FDA3 409451DC AB0A0EAD 45495112 A3D813C1 7BFD34BD F8C1209D 7DF58491"
+	"20597779 060A7FF9 D704ADF7 8B570FFA D6F062E9 5C7E0C5D 5481C5B1 53B48B37"
+	"5FA1";
+
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha512, 3, "abc");
+      ctx->digest_size = 64;
+      break;
+    default:
+      die ("Internal error.\n");
+    }
+  ecc_point_init (&ctx->pub, ecc);
+  ecc_scalar_init (&ctx->key, ecc);
+
+  mpz_init_set_str (x, xs, 16);
+  mpz_init_set_str (y, ys, 16);
+  mpz_init_set_str (z, zs, 16);
+
+  ecc_point_set (&ctx->pub, x, y);
+  ecc_scalar_set (&ctx->key, z);
+
+  mpz_clear (x);
+  mpz_clear (y);
+  mpz_clear (z);
+
+  ecdsa_sign (&ctx->key,
+	      &ctx->rctx, (nettle_random_func *) knuth_lfib_random,
+	      ctx->digest_size, ctx->digest,
+	      &ctx->s);
+
+  return ctx;
+}
+
+static void
+bench_ecdsa_sign (void *p)
+{
+  struct ecdsa_ctx *ctx = (struct ecdsa_ctx *) p;
+  struct dsa_signature s;
+
+  dsa_signature_init (&s);
+  ecdsa_sign (&ctx->key,
+	      &ctx->rctx, (nettle_random_func *) knuth_lfib_random,
+	      ctx->digest_size, ctx->digest,
+	      &s);
+  dsa_signature_clear (&s);
+}
+
+static void
+bench_ecdsa_verify (void *p)
+{
+  struct ecdsa_ctx *ctx = (struct ecdsa_ctx *) p;
+  int res = ecdsa_verify (&ctx->pub, 
+			  ctx->digest_size, ctx->digest,
+			  &ctx->s);
+  if (!res)
+    die ("Internal error, _ecdsa_verify failed.\n");    
+}
+
+static void
+bench_ecdsa_clear (void *p)
+{
+  struct ecdsa_ctx *ctx = (struct ecdsa_ctx *) p;
+
+  ecc_point_clear (&ctx->pub);
+  ecc_scalar_clear (&ctx->key);
+  dsa_signature_clear (&ctx->s);
+  free (ctx->digest);
+
+  free (ctx);
+}
+
+#if WITH_OPENSSL
+struct openssl_ctx
+{
+  EC_KEY *key;
+  ECDSA_SIG *signature;
+  unsigned digest_length;
+  uint8_t *digest;
+};
+
+static void *
+bench_openssl_init (unsigned size)
+{
+  struct openssl_ctx *ctx = xalloc (sizeof (*ctx));
+
+  /* Apparently, secp192r1 and secp256r1 are missing */
+  switch (size)
+    {
+#if 0
+    case 192:
+      ctx->key = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name (NID_secp192r1);
+      ctx->digest_length = 24; /* truncated */
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha224, 3, "abc");
+      break;
+#endif
+    case 224:
+      ctx->key = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name (NID_secp224r1);
+      ctx->digest_length = SHA224_DIGEST_SIZE;
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha224, 3, "abc");
+      break;
+#if 0
+    case 256:
+      ctx->key = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name (NID_secp256r1);
+      ctx->digest_length = SHA256_DIGEST_SIZE;
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha256, 3, "abc");
+      break;
+#endif
+    case 384:
+      ctx->key = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name (NID_secp384r1);
+      ctx->digest_length = SHA384_DIGEST_SIZE;
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha384, 3, "abc");
+      break;
+    case 521:
+      ctx->key = EC_KEY_new_by_curve_name (NID_secp521r1);
+      ctx->digest_length = SHA512_DIGEST_SIZE;
+      ctx->digest = hash_string (&nettle_sha512, 3, "abc");
+      break;
+    default:
+      die ("Internal error.\n");
+    }
+  assert (ctx->key);
+
+  if (!EC_KEY_generate_key( ctx->key))
+    die ("Openssl EC_KEY_generate_key failed.\n");
+  
+  ctx->signature = ECDSA_do_sign (ctx->digest, ctx->digest_length, ctx->key);
+  
+  return ctx;
+}
+
+static void
+bench_openssl_sign (void *p)
+{
+  const struct openssl_ctx *ctx = (const struct openssl_ctx *) p;
+  ECDSA_SIG *sig = ECDSA_do_sign (ctx->digest, ctx->digest_length, ctx->key);
+  ECDSA_SIG_free (sig);